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The Thirteen Attributes of Mercy or ''Shelosh-'Esreh Middot HaRakhamim'' (transliterated from the Hebrew:שָׁלוֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה מִידוֹת הרַחֲמִים ) as enumerated in the Book of Exodus () are the Divine Attributes with which, according to Judaism, God governs the world. According to the explanation of Maimonides these attributes must not be regarded as qualities inherent in God, but as the method of His activity, by which the divine governance appears to the human observer to be controlled.〔Moreh Nebukim, i. 54, which is confirmed by the Sifre (Deut. 49 (Friedmann, p. 85 ))〕 In the Sifre, however, these attributes are not called "middot," which may mean "quality" as well as "rule" and "measure", but "derakim" (ways), since they are the ways of God which Moses prayed to know and which God proclaimed to him. ==Division== The number thirteen is adopted from Talmudic and rabbinic tradition. There are divergent opinions as to which word they begin and with which they conclude. According to some the Thirteen Attributes begin with the first "Adonai," in verse 6, and end with the word "ve-nakeh" in verse 7.〔Tobiah ben Eliezer, Midrash Leḳaḥ Ṭob ad loc., ed. Buber, Wilna, 1884; R. Jacob Tam, in Tos. R. H. 17b, catchword "Shelosh-'Esreh Middot"; Abraham ibn Ezra in his commentary, ad loc.; Asher b. Jehiel; and Kalonymus, "Meshoret Mosheh," ed. Goldenthal, p. 14, Leipsic, 1845〕 The single attributes are contained in the verses as follows: # יְהוָה ''Adonai'' — compassion before a person sins; # יְהוָה ''Adonai'' — compassion after a person has sinned; # אֵל ''El'' — mighty in compassion to give all creatures according to their need; # רַחוּם ''Rachum'' — merciful, that humankind may not be distressed; # וְחַנּוּן ''VeChanun'' — and gracious if humankind is already in distress; # אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם ''Erech appayim'' — slow to anger; # וְרַב-חֶסֶד ''VeRav chesed'' — and plenteous in kindness; # וֶאֱמֶת ''VeEmet'' — and truth; # נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים ''Notzer chesed laalafim'' — keeping kindness unto thousands; # נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן ''Noseh avon'' — forgiving iniquity; # וָפֶשַׁע ''VaFeshah'' — and transgression; # וְחַטָּאָה ''VeChata'ah'' — and sin; # וְנַקֵּה ''VeNakeh'' — and pardoning. According to others the Thirteen Attributes begin only with the second "Adonai," since the first one is the subject of "va-yikra" (and He proclaimed).〔R. Nissim (quoted in Tos. R. H., l.c.), Isaac Alfasi, and others〕 To secure the number thirteen, some count "noẓer ḥesed la-alafim" as two (Nissim in Tos. l.c.), while others divide "erek appayim" into two, since forbearance is shown both to the good and to the wicked (comp. the gloss on Tosafot, l.c. and Ibn Ezra, l.c.), and still others end the thirteenth middah with "lo yenaḳeh" (he does not pardon; Maimonides, "Pe'er ha-Dor," p. 19b), Lemberg, 1859), this being considered a good quality, since through punishment man is moved to repentance, after which he is pardoned and pure (comp. Yoma 86a; Aaron b. Elijah, l.c.; and "'Ez ha-Ḥayyim," ch. xcii.). Others term "ve-naḳeh lo yenaḳeh" a single middah, the thirteenth being, in their opinion, "poḳed 'awon abot 'al-banim" (visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children), "this being regarded as compassionate since the transgressor is not punished immediately" (Maimonides, l.c.; Aaron b. Ḥayyim, l.c.; comp. also "Da'at Zeḳenim"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thirteen Attributes of Mercy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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